Ferdinand | EducationGhana | May 10 | How to Improve Student Performance in Basic Schools in Ghana: A Practical Guide for Teachers and School Leaders
Learn effective classroom management strategies for Ghanaian schools. This practical guide explains discipline, learner engagement, motivation, and classroom control with real examples.
Introduction
Classroom management is one of the most important skills every teacher must develop. Even the best lesson plan may fail if learners are distracted, disorganised, or disengaged. In many Ghanaian schools, teachers face challenges such as overcrowded classrooms, varying learner abilities, noise, lateness, and behavioural issues. Effective classroom management helps teachers create an environment where meaningful learning can take place.
Good classroom management is not about fear or punishment alone. It is about creating order, building respect, encouraging participation, and maintaining a positive learning atmosphere. Teachers who manage classrooms effectively often experience:
- Better learner participation
- Improved academic performance
- Reduced disciplinary problems
- Increased confidence in teaching
This article provides practical classroom management strategies with examples relevant to schools in Ghana. The recommendations align with expectations from the Ghana Education Service and current learner-centred approaches promoted by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment.
Understanding Classroom Management
Classroom management refers to the methods and strategies teachers use to:
- Maintain discipline
- Organise learning activities
- Promote learner participation
- Create a safe and productive environment
Effective management allows teachers to focus more on teaching and less on controlling disruptions.
Why Classroom Management Matters
1. Improves Academic Performance
A calm and organised classroom improves concentration.
Practical Example
In one classroom, learners move around and interrupt lessons constantly. The teacher spends most of the lesson restoring order. In another classroom, routines are clear, transitions are smooth, and students remain focused. The second class completes more learning activities and performs better academically.
2. Encourages Learner Participation
Students participate more when they feel safe and respected.
Example
A teacher who allows learners to express ideas without ridicule encourages confidence and classroom interaction.
3. Reduces Stress for Teachers
Poorly managed classrooms create frustration and burnout.
Teachers who establish routines and expectations early experience less stress and greater teaching confidence.
Common Classroom Management Challenges in Ghanaian Schools
Teachers in Ghana often face:
- Large class sizes
- Limited teaching resources
- Diverse learner abilities
- Noise and distractions
- Irregular attendance
Understanding these realities helps teachers develop practical solutions.
Establishing Classroom Rules and Expectations
Clear rules provide structure and consistency.
Effective Classroom Rules
Rules should:
- Be simple
- Be realistic
- Be explained clearly
Example Rules
- Raise your hand before speaking
- Respect classmates and teachers
- Complete assignments on time
- Keep the classroom clean
Practical Example
Instead of saying:
“Do not make noise.”
Use:
“Speak only when given permission.”
Positive and specific instructions are easier to follow.
Creating Classroom Routines
Routines reduce confusion and save time.
Examples of Effective Routines
Morning Routine
- Greeting learners
- Taking attendance
- Reviewing previous lessons
Group Work Routine
- Assign group leaders
- Set time limits
- Define roles clearly
Practical Example
A teacher who always begins lessons with a short review question prepares learners mentally for the new lesson.
Building Positive Teacher-Learner Relationships
Respectful relationships improve behaviour and participation.
Practical Strategies
- Learn students’ names
- Listen to learner concerns
- Encourage shy learners
- Avoid humiliating students publicly
Practical Example
A learner repeatedly refuses to participate. Instead of punishing immediately, the teacher speaks privately and discovers the learner struggles with reading. The teacher then provides support.
Effective Communication in the Classroom
Communication affects classroom behaviour significantly.
Use Clear Instructions
Weak Instruction
“Do the exercise.”
Improved Instruction
“Open page 12, answer questions 1–5 individually within 10 minutes.”
Clear instructions reduce confusion.
Maintain Appropriate Tone
Teachers should speak firmly but respectfully.
Shouting constantly may create fear rather than discipline.
Managing Large Classrooms Effectively
Large class sizes are common in Ghanaian schools.
Practical Strategies
1. Use Group Work
Divide learners into smaller groups for discussions and activities.
Example
In a class of 60 learners, the teacher forms 10 groups of six students each to discuss environmental sanitation.
2. Move Around the Classroom
Teachers should not remain in one position throughout the lesson.
Walking around:
- Maintains attention
- Reduces side conversations
- Allows monitoring of learners
3. Use Classroom Leaders
Assign responsibilities such as:
- Group leaders
- Timekeepers
- Board cleaners
This improves organisation.
Motivating Learners
Motivated students behave better and participate more actively.
Positive Reinforcement
Recognise effort and improvement.
Practical Example
Instead of focusing only on top-performing students, praise a struggling learner who improves from 4/10 to 7/10.
Use Encouraging Language
Weak Statement
“You are always wrong.”
Better Statement
“Good attempt. Let us improve this part together.”
Positive language builds confidence.
Managing Disruptive Behaviour
Discipline should be corrective, not merely punitive.
Common Causes of Disruption
- Boredom
- Lack of understanding
- Peer influence
- Emotional challenges
Teachers should identify causes before reacting.
Practical Strategies for Handling Misbehaviour
1. Proximity Control
Move closer to disruptive learners without interrupting the lesson.
2. Non-Verbal Signals
Eye contact or gestures can stop minor disruptions.
3. Redirect Attention
Ask distracted learners questions related to the lesson.
Practical Example
A learner keeps talking during class. Instead of shouting immediately, the teacher moves closer and asks the learner to explain the previous point discussed.
Encouraging Active Participation
Learners are less disruptive when actively engaged.
Activity-Based Learning
Example
Instead of lecturing about pollution, ask learners to identify environmental problems around their community.
Think-Pair-Share Strategy
- Learners think individually
- Discuss with a partner
- Share with the class
This increases participation.
Classroom Arrangement and Physical Environment
The physical setup affects behaviour and learning.
Effective Seating Arrangements
Arrange seats to:
- Allow movement
- Improve visibility
- Encourage interaction
Practical Example
A teacher notices learners at the back remain inactive. Rearranging the seating improves participation.
Time Management in Classroom Management
Poor time management often leads to disorder.
Practical Tips
- Start lessons promptly
- Avoid spending too much time on one activity
- Use transitions effectively
Example
A teacher uses a short countdown before moving to the next activity. Learners adjust quickly.
Role of Assessment in Classroom Management
Assessment keeps learners focused.
Practical Example
A teacher announces a short quiz at the end of the lesson. Learners remain attentive throughout the class.
Working with Parents
Parents support classroom discipline and learning.
Practical Example
A teacher contacts a parent regarding repeated lateness. Together, they identify transportation difficulties and develop a solution.
Supporting Learners with Different Needs
Some learners require additional support.
Practical Example
A learner struggles to read instructions. The teacher provides oral guidance and simplified explanations.
Technology and Classroom Management
Technology can improve engagement when used properly.
Examples:
- Educational videos
- Interactive quizzes
- Digital presentations
Internal Learning Support
Related articles:
External Reference
For educational standards and professional guidance, refer to Ghana Education Service.
Conclusion
Effective classroom management is essential for successful teaching and learning. It involves planning, communication, consistency, and positive relationships rather than fear and punishment alone.
Teachers who establish routines, engage learners actively, and respond to challenges thoughtfully create classrooms where learning thrives.
Strong classroom management does not happen overnight. It develops through practice, reflection, and continuous improvement.
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